One of the constants in Noam Chomsky’s philosophical, linguistic and ethical positions is the existence of what he calls “human nature”. Following Marx, Darwin and last century’s revolutions in the social sciences, human nature has been one of the most contested conceptual holdovers from modern European philosophy. Chomsky’s discoveries and models on syntax and language make up one of the frameworks to most critically offset the traditional moral dimension of human nature. Contrary to most traditions prior to his work, language (...) can no longer be restricted to either mind, soul or spirit. Language, as Chomsky has continually upheld and sharply refined, is a physical and biological process. But how his notion of human nature derives from this process is complex, as he seems to disregard philosophy’s classic analytic delineation between the descriptive causal realm of human nature and the normative axiological extensions of the same concept. In this paper, we seek to examine the philosophical and ontological implications of Chomsky’s claim that human nature derives from the innate dimension of the language faculty. Not only does Chomsky maintain the category of human nature, he also indexes it to the question of freedom. We thereby argue for the coherence of his proposal and show how it operates to weld the perspective of a modal theory of biologically-rooted creativity to innate conditions specific to his theory of language generation. However, we question whether its restriction to humans alone is sustainable from a scientific perspective by putting forth the claim that Chomsky’s science is in fact a radical ontology of social subjectivation. (shrink)

Exploro en el presente ensayo las conexiones entre emoción y razón, partiendo de la hipótesis de acuerdo con la cual la división tradicional entre ambos espacios no se sostiene. A la luz de los más recientes avances en ciencia cognitiva, podemos afirmar que los procesos racionales y de toma de decisiones están imbuidos, en numerosas ocasiones, por factores emocionales, los cuales no obstaculizan sino que contribuyen a mejorar nuestra comprensión de lo real y de «los otros»; esto es, la inteligencia (...) humana, en muchas de sus facetas, se vería seriamente menoscabada si descartamos o anulamos el componente emocional. Si mi hipótesis es cierta, nos veríamos obligados a redefinir nuestra concepción de la mente y, por ende, del ser humano y su naturaleza. En efecto, un nuevo modelo acerca de las emociones transformaría nuestra concepción de la ética y la moral. (shrink)

El presente artículo pretende sintetizar las líneas maestras del Barroco como época histórica y filosófica. El objetivo es mostrar la importancia del Barroco como momento histórico genuinamente español, centrando la relevancia de autores como Suárez y, sobre todo, Gracián, quienes anticipan en cierto sentido alguna de las problemáticas filosóficas del siglo XX como son la posmodernidad, la crisis de valores o la ontología eventual (factual). Se trata, en último término, de reivindicar el pensamiento español y la lengua española como vehículos (...) genuinos para pensar la actualidad. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente artículo se anida en analizar el debate entre internismo y externismo mental desde las propuestas de la teoría de la mente extendida. Para ello, presentaré las líneas maestras de la propuesta de Clark y Chalmers, para contraponerla, enseguida, con las tesis del internismo y del externismo en sus múltiples variantes. Mi tesis es que la TME sigue siendo internista en la medida en que entiende que la individuación de los estados mentales, en función de su contenido, (...) sigue dependiendo de factores internos o mentales, a pesar de que la cognición se apoye en vehículos materiales extracraneales y del entorno. (shrink)

The introduction of disruptive technologies in work environments is causing an unprecedented transformation of the forms of organization of productive activity and the associated models of social relations. The digitization of the economy, the provision of services via platforms, the automation of new job functions and the introduction of machine and deep learning software in the hiring, evaluation and management of employed work, establish new scenarios for ethical reflection- legal. In this sense, the present work offers elements of analysis to (...) adequately delimit the central issues that derive from this disruptive technological change, such as the substitution of human work for robotic work, the ethical-legal status of intelligent robots and their responsibility for damages, as well as the possible consideration of robots as workers within the company. (shrink)

A Língua Portuguesa surgiu na Península Ibérica e se espalhou pelo mundo por meio do processo de colonização. Após o contato entre o português e as línguas autóctones em Angola iniciou uma nova configuração linguística, com características peculiares ou próprias o que contribuiu para o surgimento da variedade angolana do português. O artigo 19º da Constituição da República de Angola (2010) estabelece a LP como a única língua oficial. A variedade angolana do português distanciou-se do Português Europeu ao longo do (...) tempo, daí que é de suma importância que haja debates que visem caracterizar e descrever esta nova realidade sociolinguística. Este ebook tem como objetivo atiçar debates sobre a variedade angolana do português buscando refletir as peculiaridades da variedade por forma a que se possa caminhar para a normalização e criação de dicionários e gramáticas que possam ser utilizadas no ensino de português em Angola. (shrink)

O artigo rediscute, a partir das teorias da hegemonia de Chantal Mouffe e dos diálogos institucionais de Mark Tushnet, os fenômenos da judicialização da política (o político invadindo “indevidamente” o jurídico) e do ativismo judicial (o jurídico invadindo “indevidamente” o político). Contesta a concepção usual de que o judiciário teria a “última palavra” na interpretação jurídica e defende uma maior proteção da democracia, pois é esta, não o judiciário, que, em última instância, protege os direitos. Conclui-se que, para sua maior (...) legitimidade e eficiência, deve então o Poder Judiciário receber novos influxos democráticos e estar sujeito a maior accountability. (shrink)

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of two intervention programs, high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity training, on anxiety, depression, stress, and resilience during the confinement caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 in healthy adults.Methods: A total of 67 adults who participated were randomly assigned to two groups: HIIT and MIT groups. The MIT group had to perform a home-based intervention based on aerobic exercises, whereas the HIIT group had to perform a home-based intervention based on HIIT exercises. The (...) two groups had to complete the same physical exercise volume, 40 min per session during the confinement period. Depression, anxiety, stress, and resilience were assessed before and after the intervention.Results: Results showed that HIIT and MIT significantly reduced the stress, anxiety, and depression as well as increase the resilience. Moreover, the improvements obtained in the HIIT group seem to be greater than those of the MIT group in depression.Conclusions: HIIT and MIT decreased anxiety, stress, and depression as well as increased resilience during the COVID-19 confinement. In addition, the HIIT intervention seemed to be more beneficial to reduce depression than the MIT intervention. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic produced immeasurable impacts on the economy, education, and socialization, besides the loss of millions of lives. Thus, there has been an accelerated development of an unprecedented number of COVID-19 vaccine candidates to control the pandemic. The World Health Organization’s emergency use authorization of COVID-19 vaccines still in clinical trial allowed immunizing the population. This paper presents a perspective of the bioethical precepts of autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice in the emergency use of COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, it emphasizes (...) the importance of surveillance at all stages of vaccine development to detect adverse effects and ensure compliance with bioethical precepts. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between coaches’ experience and their perceptions on the implementation of a long-term athletic development model created in 2016 by the Portuguese Swimming Federation. Eighty-six swimming coaches were assembled in groups according to their experience level: “novice”, “intermediate”, and “experienced”, and they answered a questionnaire with the following items: awareness of the existing model acceptance usefulness for practice, and implementation of this model by their peers. Regardless of experience, ~67% of the (...) coaches were aware of the model. Among those, a large number showed acceptance and confidence in its usefulness for their daily practice. Most coaches showed concerns about the fact that their peers do not respect the model frameworks, declaring the search for their swimmers’ immediate success as the main cause for such behavior. The results also showed an association between experience and knowledge about the model’s existence [χ2 = 10.223, p < 0.01, V = 0.345], and experienced coaches exhibited better knowledge than their intermediate [χ2 = 9.555, p < 0.01, V = 0.393] or novice [χ2 = 5.926, p = 0.02, V = 0.314] counterparts. While there was an association between the coaches’ experience and knowledge about the LTAD model’s existence, this situation does not seem to influence the way coaches accept and understand the usefulness of the model for their daily practice. (shrink)

O artigo procura argumentar contra a ideia de que a filosofia da história de Kant contaria com dois modelos de fundamentação: um modelo oficial, de natureza hipotético-teleológica, e outro hermenêutico-explicativo, que, porém, acabaria por implodir o sistema. Trata-se de mostrar que há um único modelo, de natureza hermenêutica-explicativa, que não obstante faz uso de princípios hipotético-teleológicos. Mais ainda, que tal modelo está presente ao longo de diversos momentos do sistema, como na Doutrina do Direito, ou na Religião nos limites da (...) simples razão. The article argues against the idea that Kant's philosophy of history would have included two types of foundation: an official model, hypothetical and teleological in nature, and other hermeneutic-explanatory, the last one that eventually would implode the system. The aim is to show that there is a single model, of hermeneutics-explanatory nature, which nevertheless makes use of hypothetical and teleological principles, and that such a model is present at various moments throughout the system, as in the Doctrine of Right, or in the Religion within the limits of pure reason. (shrink)

Subject of constant reflections in other works and published studies, the theme of memory and its relations between past and present always provokes renewed perspectives regarding the readings of the ancient texts in our academic discussions. Analyzing the present time of a community behind an ancient document is likewise always challenging. However, in the present document (Mark’s Gospel), when analyzed in the light of heuristic concepts - such as memory, for example - there are very effective indications in proposing new (...) perceptions about the constant interaction between past memories and memory constructions in present times (of the ancient document that has been analysed). New horizons open up in the field of study of the texts that make up the New Testament when dialogues with psychology and research on memory. In this sense, this work applies the postulate of D.L. Schacter on the adaptations that are made in the memories of the past so that they meet the needs of the present to the gospel of Mark. It follows that the author of the said gospel rewrote the traditions received so that they answered questions that were made to them in the present. (shrink)

Este artigo tenta localizar alguns pontos nos quais pode se embasar a crítica de Espinosa à filosofia política utópica, esta muitas vezes baseada em uma noção transcendente de poder. Fazemos isso dando relevo a algumas noções, como a de experiência e a de indivíduo, além de focalizarmos a importância da noção de conatus no estabelecimento de uma ontologia da atualidade da natureza humana, na qual, do ponto de vista cognitivo, conhecimento imaginativo e racional afirmam ambos a atualidade dessa natureza humana (...) e permitem a proposição de regimes políticos baseados em tal atualidade. (shrink)

The meaning-maintenance model posits that any violation of expectations leads to an affective experience that motivates compensatory affirmation. We explore whether the neural mechanism that responds to meaning threats can be inhibited by acetaminophen, in the same way that acetaminophen inhibits physical pain or the distress caused by social rejection. In two studies, participants received either acetaminophen or a placebo and were provided with either an unsettling experience or a control experience. In Study 1, participants wrote about either their death (...) or a control topic. In Study 2, participants watched either a surrealist film clip or a control film clip. In both studies, participants in the meaning-threat condition who had taken a placebo showed typical compensatory affirmations by becoming more punitive toward lawbreakers, whereas those who had taken acetaminophen, and those in the control conditions, did not. (shrink)

The concept of the singular thing and its ethical-political footprints, in Spinoza’s philosophy, guide the following text, which proposes to think together education and civility. With the Dutch philosopher, we learn that union and conflict are not contradictory terms, neither ethically nor politically; framing, therefore, an educational field of action poses the question of democracy as the foundation of a daily fight against fear and servitude. Thus, dealing with destruction - which is not in singular beings but arises in encounters (...) - and Spinoza’s idea of an exemplar of human nature open up space for us to characterize the political intensity of virtue as an effort to act freely and which passes through education. The text therefore points out times of education from the diversity of temporalities that act in the social and political body. (shrink)

O objetivo do artigo consiste em apresentar alguns fios da relação entre a noção de sensus communis, a história e a política em Kant, de modo que se estabeleçam as bases de uma análise da filosofia da história de Kant como o equibalente, para sua filosofia político-jurídica, do esquematismo dos conceitos puros.

O texto articula elementos e conceitos que, na filosofia política de Maquiavel, giram ao redor da força do tempo, ou melhor, da relação dos seres humanos - entendidos como atores políticos, vidas políticas - com as temporalidades que fundam desde o corpo político à sua segurança, ou, do contrário, favorecem a corrupção, as revoltas e as sedições - provocando, assim, o enfraquecimento ou mesmo o fim da civilidade. Para que a questão seja razoavelmente colocada, faço acompanhar essas análises a centralidade (...) dos conflitos nessa filosofia política. (shrink)

A literatura mundial reconhece Carolina de Jesus e Clarice Lispector como escritoras reflexivas e críticas à sociedade brasileira do século XX e ao feminino. Este artigo expõe uma leitura hermenêutica inspirada em Martin Heidegger, a respeito de Quarto de Despejo e Perto do Coração Selvagem, clássico literários, entendendo-os como horizontes de encontro para compreender o feminino desde a circularidade de sentido envolvendo entes humanos e existenciais heideggerianos. A apropriação da linguagem das escritoras estreou modos de libertação do feminino, desvelamentos de (...) significados e conceções de mundo. Expor a Fenomenologia heideggeriana atenta ao feminino, acrescida da análise psicológica das escritoras, reflete suposta neutralidade histórica, cultural e literária que elege protagonistas-narradores masculinos como singulares, e segregam o feminino a relacionamentos, filiações ou proles. Os resultados, a partir da reflexão/compreensão hermenêutica, reconstroem noção de humanidade que rompe com complementaridades, por exemplo, personagens femininas que não procuram pelo masculino; que explicita noção do eu feminino que não reforça intimismo, a primeira pessoa, nesses clássicos, é uma indeterminação correspondendo aqueles à margem social. As lutas cotidianas sejam contra fome, sejam não sucumbir a acessório do masculino, fazem da hermenêutica do feminino exercício de resistência. Apropriar o humano de sua correspondência com mundo ao formular sentidos não discriminatórios possibilita e empodera o formular de reflexões e ações demonstrativas de liberdade e ética. (shrink)

Acupuncture, herbs, and bodywork are fast becoming accepted as complements to standard healing methods. This riveting personal story of the unconventional education of an alternative healer provides extraordinary insight into how and why such methods work. Blending Chinese medicine, the martial arts, and Native American knowing, Daniel Santos challenges us to view the body and its healing in an exciting new way.

RESUMO O texto propõe um retorno a alguns conceitos e filósofos relevantes para o debate sobre o contrato social no século XVII: a partir de certos princípios sobre os quais se assenta o alcance inovador e crítico da teoria hobbesiana, e vendo no contrato social um suporte causal para o entendimento e a intervenção política, procuro compreender em que sentido o conceito de transferência deve convir ao de poder absoluto do soberano e o que isso implica de crítica à ideia (...) de direito de resistência, como o entendia Althusius, e de defesa de uma ruptura radical entre tempos de guerra e de paz. Reconstruo com essa crítica a tese hobbesiana da obediência como fundamento da permanência da Cidade - e algumas consequências disso; finalmente, proponho uma hipótese sobre a obra de Espinosa que permita a desconstrução das ideias de transferência e de contrato, dentro de um campo de causalidade que põe o conflito e a resistência como constitutivos da própria sociabilidade, sem o essencial recurso ao conceito althusiano de representação, e sem o fundo despolitizador presente na teoria de Hobbes. ABSTRACT The text proposes a return to some relevant concepts and philosophers to debate about the social contract in the XVII century: from certain principles on which is based the innovative and critical reach of Hobbes's theory, and seeing in the social contract a causal support for political understanding and intervention, I seek to understand in what sense the concept of transference must agree with to that of absolute sovereign's power and how it implies a criticism to the ideia of right of resistance, as understood Althusius, and how it implies a defense of a radical break between times of war and peace. I rebuild, with this critique, the hobbesian thesis of obedience as foundation of permanence of the City - and some consequences of it. Finally, I propose a hypothesis about Spinoza's work that allows the deconstruction of transfer ideas and contract, within a causal field that puts the conflict and the resistance as constitutive items of sociability itself, without the essential resource to the althusian concept of representation and without the depoliticized background present in Hobbes's theory. (shrink)

O objetivo é mostrar e discutir a crítica de Wilfrid Sellars, direcionada ao ponto de vista do empirismo clássico, de acordo com o qual, os episódios internos como pensamentos e impressões sensoriais são experiências imediatas. A construção de sua crítica terá como pano de fundo um mito criado por ele mesmo, o mito de Jones. Este servirá para mostrar como aprendemos a falar dos tais episódios internos que são tidos como experiências imediatas. Mostraremos como Sellars, com a ajuda do mito (...) de Jones, monta seus argumentos de modo a sustentar o inverso da posição empirista clássica, afirmando que os episódios internos como pensamentos e impressões, apesar de internos, são, na verdade, dependentes de contextos intersubjetivos da fala pública, uma espécie de cognição conceitual, sendo, portanto, episódios internos mediatos, ou seja, não imediatos. (shrink)

Resumo : O objetivo deste artigo será o de tentar verificar qual a relação de Willard Van Orman Quine com a teoria deflacionária da verdade. Para tanto, começaremos com o exame dos portadores de verdade, com a intenção de saber a opinião de Quine sobre qual, dentre outros, seria o verdadeiro portador ou veículo da verdade, ou seja, saber, segundo Quine, de que dizemos ser verdadeiro ou falso. Reduziremos nosso exame às sentenças e proposições, e uma vez identificado o portador (...) de verdade escolhido por nosso filósofo aqui em questão, a saber, a sentença , faremos uma breve apresentação das terias “deflacionárias” e “da correspondência” no que diz respeito à verdade. Por fim, com base em tal apresentação, trataremos de identificar a posição quiniana no que se refere à verdade e, consequentemente, sua relação com o deflacionismo. (shrink)

This book is dedicated to clarify ambiguous concepts from the world of creativity and innovation. One of the initial triggers for the development of the book was the perceived ambiguity of the binomials Design vs. Design Thinking and Innovation vs. Invention. Frequently, designers and innovation consultants are questioned by their clients about the relationships between these kind of concepts. Has the second emerged through the first, or vice-verse? Is one part of the other? Where are the similarities and which are (...) the differences? This conceptual incomprehension makes itself noticeable between many ambiguous concepts in the world of innovation and creativity. What is the difference between Radical and Disruptive Innovation? Or is Social Innovation the same as Social Intervention? And regarding Creativity, are Creativity and Creative Thinking the same? In this book the reader will find answers to these kinds of questions and doubts. 28 authors from 10 different countries and cultural backgrounds are questioning current definitions and perceptions, by comparing different sources and ideas, or simply by giving their personal opinions. Some of the authors have an academic background, others a practical one, being either entrepreneurs, working with innovation in companies, or being innovation/design consultants. (shrink)

Portugal ranks fourth among countries with the highest rate of overweight population, considering that 67.6% of the Portuguese population over the age of 15 is overweight or obese. To our knowledge, limited studies have investigated students’ attitudes toward physical education in Portugal. Such research is necessary because it can provide valuable insights for policy and application in the curriculum development for physical education, which may eventually increase participation in physical and sports activities. This study analyzed students’ attitudes toward physical education (...) (PE) according to sociodemographic variables, including grade level, socioeconomic status, and gender, and their participation in extracurricular sports activities and respective PE grades. The sample comprised 476 high school students (from the 7th, 8th, and 9th-grade levels) from five public schools located in Portugal. The Students’ Attitudes toward Physical Education Questionnaire was adapted and validated for use with Portuguese students as a two-factor model. Findings show that students generally have a moderately positive attitude toward PE. However, students’ positive attitudes tend to decrease throughout high school, which is particularly significant in the 9th grade. Furthermore, students’ attitudes are influenced by gender, extracurricular sports practice, and grades. These findings may help stakeholders reflect on how to frame PE in a more meaningful way to create a solid foundation for maintaining an active lifestyle throughout life. Implications for further research and practice are discussed. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo será o de tentar verificar qual a relação de Willard Van Orman Quine com a teoria deflacionária da verdade. Para tanto, começaremos com o exame dos portadores de verdade, com a intenção de saber a opinião de Quine sobre qual, dentre outros, seria o verdadeiro portador ou veículo da verdade, ou seja, saber, segundo Quine, de que dizemos ser verdadeiro ou falso. Reduziremos nosso exame a sentenças e proposições, e uma vez identificado o portador de verdade (...) escolhido por nosso filósofo aqui em questão, a saber, a sentença, faremos uma breve apresentação das terias deflacionárias e da correspondência no que diz respeito à verdade. Por fim, com base em tal apresentação, trataremos de identificar a posição quiniana no que se refere à verdade e, consequentemente, sua relação com o deflacionismo. (shrink)

A filosofia política de Espinosa tem uma relação direta de constituição com sua ontologia, terreno no qual o conceito de potência é definido e a partir do qual suas propriedades no campo político podem ser deduzidas em sua pluralidade. Aqui realçamos alguns dos aspectos mais importantes para nossa pesquisa atual, que foca na realidade necessária do conflito na constituição da política e nas formas como a multiplicidade pode ser avaliada teórica e praticamente na constituição e na crítica das formas políticas (...) determinantes da sociabilidade. (shrink)

Without aiming to delve into the complex mechanism that marks the genesis of the political philosophy of Spinoza, this paper seeks to establish a dialogue with some interpretations of this theme in Balibar's comments, especially those that refer to a rational genesis of the political field in Espinosa's Ethic.

Several countries maintain universal health coverage, which implies responsibility to organize delivery formats of healthcare services and products for citizens. In Brazil, the health system has a principle of universal access for more than 30 years, but many deficiencies remain and the country observes a day practice for those seeking judicial decisions to determine provision of healthcare.

Resenha do livro Indivíduo e Comunidade em Spinoza, de Alexandre Matheron.